Since at least 2022, a highly capable botnet known as the “KV-botnet” has been associated with the Chinese state-sponsored APT hacking group known as Volt Typhoon (Bronze Silhouette), which attacks SOHO routers in high-value targets.
Background:
Volt Typhoon frequently uses routers, firewalls, and VPN equipment as proxies for malicious traffic, blending it in with acceptable traffic to avoid detection.
SOHO devices utilize end-of-life items, which make up the KV-Botnet. Several Cisco RV320s, DrayTek Vigor routers, and NETGEAR ProSAFEs that were a part of the botnet were discovered by the researchers in early July and August of 2022. Later, in November 2022, ProSAFE devices made up the majority of the botnet’s devices, with a minor proportion being DrayTek routers. The botnet began to target Axis IP cameras, including the M1045-LW, M1065-LW, and p1367-E, in November 2023, the analysts discovered.
KV Botnet:
KV-Botnet works by infecting a huge number of machines, resulting in a dispersed network that can be managed remotely. This network of hacked devices, known as a botnet, enables the malicious actor to carry out a wide range of cyber-attacks, including distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, malware distribution, and phishing operations.
The ability of the KV-Botnet to adapt and evolve is one of its distinguishing characteristics. It leverages advanced evasion strategies to prevent detection by typical security measures, making it a tough foe for cybersecurity professionals. To lure users into downloading harmful files, the botnet frequently exploits flaws in obsolete software or employs social engineering tactics.
The botnet, which is administered from IP addresses in China, may be divided into two groups: the “KY” cluster, which involves manual attacks against high-value targets, and the “JDY” cluster, which involves broader targeting and less advanced approaches.
So far, the majority of KV-Botnet infections appear to fall under the latter category. Having said that, the botnet has brushed up against a number of previously unknown high-profile institutions, including a judicial institution, a satellite network provider, and military agencies from the United States, as well as a European renewable energy company.
Fig: Two separate clusters of activity linked to KV-botnet (Source: Lumen)
The exact first infection mechanism process used to penetrate the devices is unknown at this time. The first-stage malware immediately removes security programs and other malware strains to ensure that it occupies the “only presence” on these desktop machines.
It’s also designed to retrieve the main payload from a remote server, which is capable of uploading and downloading data, running commands, and executing additional modules in addition to beaconing back to the same server.
Risks and Impact:
Individuals and organizations alike are at risk from the KV-Botnet. Its ability to perform large-scale DDoS attacks can bring websites and online services to a halt, resulting in downtime and financial losses. Furthermore, the botnet’s involvement in malware distribution can lead to data breaches, identity theft, and other forms of crimes.
Another source of worry is the usage of KV-Botnet for phishing activities. The botnet can support a variety of fraudulent operations by tricking users into disclosing critical information such as login passwords or financial details, thus compromising the security of individuals and enterprises.
Mitigation:
Individuals and organizations must take proactive cybersecurity measures to guard against the KV-Botnet and other similar attacks. Below are important considerations to safeguard their networks against potential compromises from threats like Volt Typhoon and others that might exploit sophisticated obfuscation networks such as KV-botnet.
- Monitor for substantial data transfers exiting the network, even if the destination IP address is situated in the same geographical area.
- Evaluate the adoption of comprehensive Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) or similar solutions to enhance their security posture and facilitate robust detection of network-based communications.
- Adhere to best practices, including regular router reboots and the installation of security updates and patches. Employ properly configured and updated Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) solutions on hosts, and consistently update software in line with vendor patches where applicable.
- Educate users about the dangers of phishing and proactively report suspicious emails
Lastly, collaboration among cybersecurity professionals and the sharing of threat knowledge can be critical in identifying and disarming the KV-Botnet. Our combined efforts to stay ahead of cybercriminals must grow in tandem with the threat landscape.
IOCs:
207.246.100[.]151
66.42.124[.]155
104.156.246[.]150
192.169.6[.]241
149.28.119[.]73
45.32.88[.]250
144.202.43[.]124
108.61.203[.]19
140.82.20[.]246
159.203.72[.]166
140.82.20[.]246
108.61.132[.]157
144.202.49[.]189
174.138.56[.]21
159.203.113[.]25
216.128.179[.]235
216.128.180[.]232
155.138.146[.]162
45.156.21[.]172
45.11.92[.]176
193.36.119[.]48
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References:
Routers Roasting on an Open Firewall: the KV-botnet Investigation
https://github.com/blacklotuslabs/IOCs/blob/main/KVbotnet_IOCs.txt